Resumen El concepto de multifuncionalidad asume que la agricultura cumple funciones que no son mercantiles, como las alimentarias, ambientales, sociales y culturales. Es una vía para avanzar hacia una agricultura sustentable más respetuosa con los seres humanos y con el ambiente, misma que persiste en diferentes territorios agrícolas. Sin embargo, es presionada por las actividades económicas con fines de negocio, lo que ha generado su deterioro. El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar las principales funciones que cumple la agricultura familiar campesina del municipio de Calpan, Puebla. Se aplicó una encuesta en 2020, con el objetivo de captar información sobre los diferentes procesos sociales relacionados con la multifuncionalidad de la agricultura familiar. Para determinar el tamaño de la muestra se aplicó un muestreo estratificado aleatorio (MEA) distribución de Neyman, de la que resultó una muestra de 81 productores. Entre las principales funciones se encuentran: socioculturales, 81% basa sus prácticas agrícolas en las fases lunares; en las ambientales, la conservación de agrobiodiversidad, en las económicas, para el 45% la agricultura es la principal fuente de ingresos, al 100% le genera empleos y para el 53% le aporta a la seguridad alimentaria en maíz y frijol. Finalmente, en las territoriales destacan el relevo intergeneracional, 75% de jóvenes que desean continuar dedicándose a las actividades agrícolas. Se concluye que la agricultura familiar campesina es fundamental, ya que conserva funciones sociales, culturales, económicas, ambientales y territoriales que benefician a las familias, al ambiente y a la sociedad.

Abstract The concept of multifunctionality assumes that agriculture fulfills non-market functions, such as food, environmental, social, and cultural functions. It is a way to move towards a sustainable agriculture more respectful of human beings and the environment, which persists in different agricultural territories. However, it is pressured by economic activities for business purposes, which has generated its deterioration. The research objective was to identify the main functions of peasant family farming in the municipality of Calpan, Puebla. A survey was applied in 2020 with the aim of capturing information on the different social processes related to the multifunctionality of family farming. A stratified random sampling (SRS) with Neyman distribution was applied to determine the sample size, resulting in a sample of 81 producers. Among the main functions are: the sociocultural ones, 81% base their agricultural practices on the lunar phases; in the environmental ones is the conservation of agrobiodiversity; in the economic ones, agriculture is the primary source of income for 45%, generates jobs for 100% and contributes to food security in corn and beans for 53%. Finally, in the territorial ones, the intergenerational replacement stands out, 75% of young people who wish to continue participating in agricultural activities. It is concluded that peasant family farming is fundamental since it preserves social, cultural, economic, environmental, and territorial functions that benefit families, the environment, and society.

ABSTRACT El estudio evaluó el efecto de temperaturas de almacenamiento de 7 y 22 °C durante 168 h en tomates (cv. Charleston) inoculados con 107 UFC mL-1 de la cepa Escherichia coli del patogrupo enterotoxigénico (ECET) sobre índices de color (ángulo de tono, h° y croma, C*) firmeza, acidez titulable (% ácido cítrico), ácido ascórbico, azúcares solubles totales y azúcares reductores (glucosa, fructosa y sacarosa). ECET sobrevivió con poblaciones de 7 y 9.2 Log UFC g-1 a 7 y 22 °C, respectivamente, hasta las 120 h. La adherencia y colonización bacteriana en ambas condiciones de almacenamiento se confirmaron mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido. El índice C* y el ácido ascórbico tuvieron valores más altos a 22 °C, mientras que el parámetro h°, firmeza y ácido cítrico tuvieron valores más bajos a la misma temperatura de almacenamiento. La temperatura de 7 °C afectó la concentración de azúcares solubles totales; glucosa y fructosa con valores menores (0,054 y 0,057 g 100 g-1, respectivamente). Finalmente, los frutos inoculados exhibieron diferencias significativas en los parámetros de preferencia del consumidor de tomates frescos como color, firmeza, azúcares y ácidos orgánicos, los cuales se vieron afectadas dependiendo de la temperatura de almacenamiento.

RESUMEN The study evaluated the effect of storage temperatures of 7 and 22 °C for 168 h on tomatoes (Charleston cv.) inoculated with 107 CFU mL-1 of the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli pathogroup (ETEC) strain on color indexes (hue angle, h°, and chroma, C*), firmness, titratable acidity (% citric acid), ascorbic acid, total soluble sugars and reducing sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose). ETEC survived with populations of 7 and 9.2 Log CFU g-1 at 7 and 22 °C, respectively until 120 h. Bacterial adherence and colonization under both storage conditions were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The index C* and ascorbic acid had higher values at 22 °C, while the parameters h°, firmness, and citric acid had lower values at the same storage temperature. At 7 °C, the concentration of total soluble sugars was affected; glucose and fructose showed lower values (0.054 and 0.057 g 100 g-1, respectively). Finally, the inoculated fruits exhibited significant differences in the parameters of consumer preference of fresh tomatoes such as color, firmness, sugars, and organic acids, which were affected depending on the storage temperature.

The isoflavone aglycones daidzein and genistein are phytoestrogens that ameliorate the symptoms of menopause and assist in the prevention of chronic diseases. These compounds have been studied mainly in soya but have also been detected in faba beans (Vicia faba L.). Since little information is available concerning the content of isoflavone aglycones in faba beans from Mexico, the present study aimed to establish the presence and concentrations of daidzein and genistein in stems of faba bean cultivars from the Mexican central plateau. Cultivars C-281, C-146, C-160, C-89, C-288, C-181, C-93 and C-Zac22 were grown under greenhouse conditions and 6 to 7 week-old stems were harvested. The presence of daidzein and genistein in these tissues was confirmed by thin layer chromatography using a solvent system containing toluene-ethyl acetateacetone- formic acid (74:14.8:7.4:3.8). High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis revealed significant differences (p≤0.01) in the concentrations of aglycones with levels of genistein in the range 0.30 to 0.85 mg kg-1 dry weight (DW) and of daidzein, which was more abundant in all cultivars, present in the concentration range 34.92 to 59.98 mg kg-1 DW. Stems of cultivars C-89, C-181, C-281 and C-146 were exceptional for their concentrations of isoflavones and may represent good alternative sources of phytoestrogens.

Las isoflavonas agliconas, daidzeína y genisteína, son fitoestrógenos que benefician la salud, mejoran los síntomas de la menopausia y previenen enfermedades crónicas. Estos compuestos se han estudiado principalmente en soya (Glicine max), pero también se han detectado en habas (Vicia faba L.). Dado que hay poca información disponible sobre el contenido de isoflavonas agliconas en habas de México, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo establecer la presencia y las concentraciones de daidzeína y genisteína en tallos de cultivares provenientes de la Meseta Central de México. Los cultivares C-281, C-146, C-160, C-89, C-288, C-181, C-93 y C-Zac22 se sembraron en un invernadero para la obtención de tallos entre 6-7 semanas posteriores a la siembra. Se comprobó la presencia de daidzeína y genisteína por cromatografía en capa fina usando un sistema de solventes de tolueno-acetato de etilo-acetona-ácido fórmico (74:14,8:7,4:3,8). Los resultados de la cromatografía líquida de alta resolución mostraron diferencias significativas (p≤0,01) con concentraciones para genisteína entre 0,30-0,85 mg kg-1 y daidzeína entre 34,92-59,98 mg kg-1 de materia seca, siendo este último el metabolito más abundante en todos los cultivares. Los cultivares C-89, C-181, C-281 y C-146 fueron sobresalientes en la concentración de isoflavonas, por esta razón, pueden ser una buena fuente de fitoestrógenos.

Abstract Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) is an important annual medicinal plant that belongs to the Cannabaceae family. It contains 421 substances of 18 chemical types-the most significant compound is δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, which causes several effects, both in the Central Nervous System and in several peripheral locations in the organism. The objectives of this scientific review are to mention the anatomical distribution, chemical characteristics and biosynthesis of cannabinoids, as well as its actions mechanisms. The endogenous cannabinoid system, the therapeutic properties of C. sativa and its action on the nociceptive control are described. Finally, the modulators of the cannabinoid system in clinical use are indicated, together with marijuana legalization benefits.

Abstract The fruit maturity index of Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews is considered important to obtain high vanilla quality. In Mexico, the harvest is carried out when the distal part of the fruit turns yellow, but there is no evidence of the benefits of this practice. This research aimed to evaluate the quality of vanilla fruit at 224, 252 and 273 days after pollination, and its relationship with the aroma profile of cured vanilla. Vanilla planifolia flowers were manually pollinated in a commercial plantation and the fruit were harvested on each corresponding date. The evaluated variables were moisture, dry matter and content of sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose), and in the cured fruit they were vanillin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The results showed that the dry matter content and the sugar concentration of the green fruit of 252 days were significantly lower (14.92 and 10.6 %, respectively) than in the rest of the treatments. Likewise, in cured fruit of 252 days, the content of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde was significantly lower (103, 855 and 1434 mg ·kg-1, respectively) than those of 224 days of age (148, 1132 and 2035 mg ·kg-1, respectively). The fruit of 252 days had a lower quality, possibly because their harvest coincided with the coldest month, which could affect the accumulation of dry matter and aromatic compounds.

Resumen El índice de madurez del fruto de Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews se considera importante para obtener vainilla de calidad. En México, la cosecha se realiza cuando la parte distal del fruto se torna amarilla, pero no hay evidencia de los beneficios de esta práctica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad del fruto de vainilla a los 224, 252 y 273 días de edad, y su relación con el perfil de aroma de la vainilla beneficiada. Las flores de Vanilla planifolia se polinizaron manualmente en una plantación comercial y los frutos se cosecharon en cada fecha correspondiente. Las variables evaluadas fueron humedad, materia seca y contenido de azúcares (glucosa, fructosa y sacarosa), y en fruto beneficiado fueron vainillina, ácido p-hidroxibenzoico, ácido vainillínico y p-hidroxibenzaldehído. Los resultados mostraron que el contenido de materia seca y la concentración de azúcares de los frutos verdes de 252 días fueron significativamente menor (14.92 y 10.6 %, respectivamente) que el resto de los tratamientos. Asimismo, en frutos beneficiados de 252 días, el contenido de ácido p-hidroxibenzoico, ácido vainillínico y p-hidroxibenzaldehído fue significativamente menor (103, 855 y 1434 mg ·kg-1, respectivamente) que los de 224 días de edad (148, 1132 y 2035 mg ·kg-1, respectivamente). Los frutos de 252 días tuvieron una calidad inferior, posiblemente porque su cosecha coincidió con el mes más frío, lo cual pudo afectar la acumulación de materia seca y de compuestos aromáticos.

Abstract In vanilla, compounds that exhibit antimicrobial activity are synthesized; however, the variation in phytochemicals present in the plant structures of this species is little known, in relation to the environmental condition and the crop system. The objective of this research was to quantify the variation in phytochemicals in leaf, stem, flower, green fruit and cured fruit from two vanilla chemotypes (QI and QVI) grown in acahual (native and introduced secondary vegetation) and shade mesh systems. Vanilla chemotypes were collected during the flowering period and at harvest in four locations in the Totonacapan region, Mexico. The concentration of total phenolic compounds, total tannins, hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins, flavonoids, saponins and triterpenes was analyzed in methanolic extracts by spectrophotometric methods. The phytochemicals accumulated at different concentrations in the vanilla plant tissues in relation to the condition of the crop management system and the chemotype. Acahual cultivation favored the concentration of total phenolic compounds, total, hydrolysable and condensed tannins, and total triterpenes, while the values obtained with shade mesh were higher in saponins. QVI accumulated the highest concentration of phytochemicals, with the exception of hydrolysable tannins that showed no statistical difference between chemotypes. The environmental condition affected the phytochemical concentration of phytochemicals in the plant structures of vanilla. Elevation was the environmental variable that most impacted the accumulation of phytochemicals, since it showed an inverse effect on the concentration of total triterpenes, total tannins and condensed tannins.

Resumen En la vainilla se sintetizan compuestos que presentan actividad antimicrobiana; no obstante, la variación de fitoquímicos presentes en las estructuras vegetales de esta especie es poco conocida, en relación con la condición ambiental y el sistema de cultivo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue cuantificar la variación de fitoquímicos en hoja, tallo, flor, fruto verde y fruto beneficiado de dos quimiotipos (QI y QVI) de vainilla cultivados en acahual (vegetación secundaria nativa e introducida) y malla sombra. Los quimiotipos de vainilla se recolectaron durante el periodo de floración y a la cosecha en cuatro localidades de la región del Totonacapan, México. La concentración de compuestos fenólicos totales, taninos totales, taninos hidrolizables, taninos condesados, flavonoides, saponinas y triterpenos se analizó en extractos metanólicos por métodos espectrofotométricos. Los fitoquímicos se acumularon a diferente concentración en los tejidos de la planta de vainilla en relación con la condición del sistema de manejo de cultivo y del quimiotipo. El cultivo en acahual favoreció la concentración de compuestos fenólicos totales, taninos totales, hidrolizables y condensados, así como de triterpenos totales; mientras que los valores obtenidos con malla sombra fueron mayores en saponinas. El QVI acumuló la concentración mayor de fitoquímicos, con excepción de los taninos hidrolizables que no mostraron diferencia estadística entre quimiotipos. La condición ambiental afectó la concentración de fitoquímicos en las estructuras vegetales de la vainilla. La altitud fue la variable ambiental que más impactó en la acumulación de fitoquímicos, ya que mostró un efecto inverso en la concentración de triterpenos totales, taninos totales y taninos condensados.

Curing vanilla is a fundamental activity in the vanilla product system, because it generates dehydrated vanilla, a value-added product demanded by the national and international markets. In this regard, it is important to know the level of competition in this segment of the production chain. The purpose of this research was to estimate the competitiveness of two vanilla curing systems in the Totonacapán region. The methodology uses the policy analysis matrix (PAM), which generates the private cost ratio (PCR) and the domestic resources cost ratio (DRCR), which indicate the level of economic efficiency of the systems. The information was obtained in the study region during 2009, from face to face interviews with 15 vanilla curers in their curing plants, based on a directed sampling. The traditional curing system (sun wilting) shows an efficient use of domestic resources and has a comparative advantage over other systems; it is profitable, while the heating furnace system resulted in low efficiency and showed no comparative advantage.

El beneficiado de vainilla es una actividad fundamental en el Sistema Producto Vainilla, debido a que genera vainilla deshidrata, producto con valor agregado demandado por el mercado nacional e internacional. En este sentido, es importante conocer el nivel de competitividad de este segmento de la cadena productiva. El propósito de esta investigación es estimar la competitividad de dos sistemas de beneficiado de vainilla en la región del Totonacapán. La metodología utiliza la matriz de análisis de política (MAP), que genera la relación de costo privado (RCP) y la de costo de los recursos internos (RCI), que señalan el nivel de eficiencia económica de los sistemas. La información se obtuvo en la región de estudio durante 2009, con entrevistas cara a cara a 15 beneficiadores de vainilla en sus beneficios, a partir de un muestreo dirigido. El sistema de beneficiado tradicional (bajo sol) muestra eficiencia en el uso de los recursos internos y ventaja comparativa, resultando rentable, en tanto que el sistema de horno calorífico resulto con bajos niveles de eficiencia y no muestra ventaja comparativa.

O estresse salino afeta o crescimento e a produtividade das culturas. Neste ensaio determinou-se o crescimento, o rendimento do fotossistema II (PSII) e a concentração de K+ e Na+ nas raízes, caules, folhas velhas e jovens das variedades mexicanas de arroz: Tres Ríos e Cotaxtla. Ademais, estudou-se a relação K+/Na+ na parte aérea e raízes de ambas variedades. O experimento foi conduzido em uma câmara de crescimento, sob condições controladas, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 (Variedade x Salinidade) e 12 repetições. As plantas foram crescidas em solução hidropônica durante 15 dias e posteriormente, uma parte foi tratada com 100 mM de NaCl; e o restante como plantas controle (sem tratamento com NaCl), as quais foram crescidas paralelamente. O estresse salino provocou reduções de 20 e 15% na longitude dos brotos e raízes, respectivamente na variedade Tres Ríos; entretanto, na variedade Cotaxtla não apresentaram diferenças significativas nestas variaveis com relação ao tratamento controle. O peso da matéria seca reduziu-se 24% na variedade Tres Ríos. O rendimento quântico do PSII diminuiu 30% ao terceiro dia da aplicação dos tratamentos em ambas variedades. A concentração de Na+ foi significativamente maior (p ≤ 0,05) nas plantas tratadas com NaCl. No entanto, na variedade Tres Ríos, o rendimento do PSII diminuiu completamente depois de seis dias da aplicação dos tratamentos, a concentração de K+ nos talos e folhas velhas também foi diminuída e registrou-se a menor relação K+/Na+ nos brotos, o que poderia indicar que se trata de uma variedade mais suscetível à salinidade com relação a variedade Cotaxtla.

Salt stress affects crop growth and productivity. In this study, we determined the growth, yield of photosystem II (PSII), and K+ and Na+ concentration in root, stem, old leaves, and young leaves of two Mexican varieties of rice, Tres Ríos and Cotaxtla. In addition, the K+/Na+ ratio in stem and root of both varieties was determined. The experiment was conducted in a growth chamber under controlled conditions, under a completely randomized distribution, with a 2 x 2 (Variety x Salinity) factorial arrangement and 12 replications. Plants were grown in a hydroponic solution for 15 days and then some of them were treated with 100 mM NaCl; control plants (without NaCI treatment) were grown in parallel. Salt stress caused 20 and 15% reductions in stem and root length, respectively, in the variety Tres Ríos, while in the variety Cotaxtla no significant differences were observed in these variables compared to the control. Dry matter weight decreased by 24% in the variety Tres Ríos. The quantum yield of PSII decreased by 30% the third day of treatment application, in both varieties. Na+ concentration was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in NaCI-treated plants. In the variety Tres Ríos, the yield of PSII was completely eradicated six days after treatment implementation, while the K+ concentration in stem and older leaves also decreased and the lowest K+/ Na+ ratio in stem was recorded, which could indicate that it is more susceptible to salinity than the variety Cotaxtla.